Comparative Studies Notebook, Volume II, Study 81-90 · 2009. 11. 13. · 6. A. n. 81 makes it an offense to deal etc. 'I·.'ith an enemy. The two Navy articles specify rrenemy or - [PDF Document] (2024)

•

•

•

•

'"1

Uniform Code £.f. l:ilitaTY Justice

Subjuct: Relieving, Corresponding ,lith, or ~1ding the Enc~v.

A. ''I. 81.

I. ~~v Provisions

1. ;.rticlcs of ·.Jar

" .•RT. 81. Relieving, Corresponding ,lith, or .tiding t!"~ Enc.qy:-­'ihostXlvcr relieves or attempts to rcli.:::vc the enemy \',i..:.h BInS,

ammunition, suppli..:?s, money, Or other thing, or lalowinglyh~rbors or protects' or holds correspondence ~dth or gives intell­igence to too enemy, either directly or indiroctl.·~, 5h.:l.11 suff.::rd(;ath or such otoor pUnishment as a court-l!L1.rti~l or cilit.'lrYcomtrission nay direct."

2. 1~a.nu3.1 for Courts-Uartial

IIPar. 142. EIGHTY-SZCOrrn :..RTICLE OF !J."..R.

t'Discussion•.......

II:. person living in occupied territory who, \'.'ithoutdissimul~tion, merely rc~orts Ym~t he sc~s or lm~t he ~ars

through agents to the enemy, may be chnrgcd und~r A. \'1: 81with cornmunic<::.ting or giving intelligonce to tho cner.~r, buthe may not be charged under this :trticlc with ooing n spy.• • • • • • • • • 11

J. Public Law 759--S0th Congress, Chapter 625, 2D Session

.L H. Bland ;" H. 96 were not cho.ngJd by P. L. 759.

II. Navy Provisions

1. .\rticlos for the Government of the Nnvy

J 1l:,RT. 4 ........• The punishr.J:::nt of death, or such othur punishncnt.:l.S a. court-oortial my adjudge, nay 00 inflictl.ld on an: ~rson

in tho naval scrvicc-- ......•.

llFonrth (Intercourse 1.i.th cn ..:nl.'f.',y). --Or giv.... s any intolli­cnce to; or holds or entertains ~ny intercourse 'ith, ~n nn.... oy

or r".;bcl; \tithout lc~ve from the President, the &:cr-.:t'lry ofthe Ihvy, the co~"U\dl.'r in chief of the fleet, th\:) cocr.","'.ndcr ofthc squ:l.dron, or, in case of ~ vesscl acting singl~r, from hiscOr.w.L~nding offic-.:r;

IIFifth (lkssagoo from a., eDC~).-- Or reccives ,my mess~ge

or letter from om cneoy or rebol, or, being c'l'Ial"C of the unl~\.!ful

•.• 'I. 81

P. 2

!'Cccption of such r.h,)ss~gc or letter, f:ti.ls to t:".~{C th0 earliestopportunity to inform his suparior or coomunding 'fricer th~rcof;

"........:2. Proposed Navy Bill

"See. J. ;.rticlc 4 is rl,,;nwnb~r..:d ~s :.rt. 8 e.nd ;unundcd'lS f:>llows:

':.RT. B. The punishr:icnt of death, or such other punishmentas n oourt J'!\.:'..rtial m.1.y ndjudge, may be inflicted on <lny personsubject to the Articles for the Govcr~nt 0f the N~vv-- .

'Second. Or gives aoy int..... lligcncc to, or holds or cnter­taL'1s ~y intcrc:ursc "lith, nn enemy or rcbo..:l, \':ith~ut lo~vc

froI!t the President J the Secrct.:l.ry of the Navy, t~l>:l COIMI''lnd0:r inchicf of the fleet, the cOffi[k~dcr of thu squ~dron, ~r, in ~,sc

of ... v(:sscl or aircraft acting si:lgly, fnm. his c"'rr~;l1.ru1in& ,fficer;, "

"Sec. ll. 'l.rticlc 14 is r •.mumbcNd 1.$ :.rt. 9 and ~~ndud to N'.d....s f-:>llows:

I ..m'. 9. Suc!1 punishr...;nt oth,.;r th.-...i"! tio".... h .'1$ 1. c"urt nnrtb.lrr~y adjudge r.l~y b;:: inflict;::d upon '"!...'1y :>crs0n subject to th.J:.rticl..;s for the Gov..:ornmcnt (')f too t!:l'.'Y--•.•.••

lThirt~r-third. Or unl::wrfally r...;cdvcs .:l.n~· ::I.,,::ss1.ge orl~ttor fl" lID ':fly cn,,;!:1¥ "I' robel, or, being o.\f.:lre of the ml:1.wfulreception Df such ~ss~gc or lott~r, f1.ils to ~kc th~ '~rli..::st

opportunity to infor:'l his superior Dr COI>ir.t'lnc:ing 'ffic\.lr th.:::r..::of;

'Sixty-sLJct:lnd. Or is guilty of nn atte!:'.pt, Dr ,~ .~ C"'1­

spiro.cy, or of ~ solicit'1tion, t~ corrnit l.ny.ff.:::nsc ~o;inst

th::::sc :.rticl~s.; .....••. I 11

l1S.... C. 47. l.rt. 5. (:1.)t') the ,",rticl,-s £.)1' th(,

The f':lllo\'lingGWt.::rnnmt f

pcrs')ns sh~ll be sUbjectthe N~vy: •.••..•..•..•...

'In tin,,; of ''''11' or- n1.ti?nll -.:0.,;1' .:1c:,', in a~1iti. n tothe f~rcg 'ing, tho fOl!.Ming pcrs'>ns sh"ll b~ sti.bj...:ct to the,'.rticles f;r the G v..:rnr:K:=nt 1'\[ the ilw~r: ..•.....

'Hinth. ,'.J.l p,,;rsnns illeg'd t') bv spi",,$ l' s'1botcurs,or t') h"v..; bJ"'.)u<:>ht '11' dclivl..'rcd, or t? h1.VC -.ttc;.:pt.::d tJ bringor deliver, ~ny seducing lott~r nr r_ss'1gc f~n nn ~n~ny orrebel, or to h~ve cndl..'~vorud tn c0rrupt :my pcrsr)O subject tothese ~rticlos t~ b~tr~y his trust.

1.

•2.

3.

4.

• 5.

'.. 'I. ~l

P. 3

'T..,nth. ;.ll persons, other than pcrsrons in the nilitaryservice of the United St~tcs, outside the c~ntin~ntal linitsof the United St~tcs ncco~panying or scrvi~g vdth the UnitedSt,tcs Navy, the l:arinc Corps, or the Coast Gu:u-d when serving.:'1.5 a. p.....rt f"\f the N....vy, including but not limited to peTS?n3

cnploycd by the: Gov~rnmcnt directly, or by contr.:::.ctors orsubcontr....ctors engaged in naval projects, and ~ll persons,thor th.:m persons in the l!'ilitary service of tho United St'l.tcs,

"lithio an arc" lC"l.scd by the United States whic;-. is withoutthe territorial jurisdiction thereof and wnich is undor thec;ntMl If the Sccrct.~ry I')f the N vy: 't1

III. Diffcrcncx:s

i~~ W. 81 lists six offenses sJ)Ccific:"J.ly. New.\rt. 8,Second, prop~scd Navy bill, lists one C0rr~so~nrling spocificoffense (giving intolligcncch the other ;J'r:ry ,ffons~s ~lOuld

h3.vO t::> be brought vJithin the gener"'l.l cl1.us~ in the N".v·· articlellh"llds nr cntcrt:lins <my ir:tcrc)use with .:m cncny.n 'Iil,.'rc isc.oubt \thother the :J>oy ofrcnse of cttc.:opting to relieve the cneay"lith su!,plics, etc., c<;n be brought within this clause. It r.lightb~ ch~rged L~st~~d ~s ~n ~ttcnpt to cnrr.dt ~ ~ff~nso under newHrt. 9, Sixty-sec:md, pr-1poscd U,".v:t bill, in which c....sc theIl'...."'l.:a..muo si3ntencc \"ould be less th:m dc ....th. Under A. ~l. 81, ade,1.th sentence could be given f0r nIl "1.ttor:pt to rclil.:ve the en'-'7.

Tho offl.lnsos wldcr :•. i'l. 81 c"n be cornitt,ud by direct orindiroct .3.ctions. The Nnvy "\rticlc do:..:s not specify .'rhethcr c.ctionsMUst be direct or nay be indirvct.

A. "f 81 provides the offenses of h~rboring, or prot>Jcting,or holding corrClspond(jnce \'lith, or giving intJlligence to theencny mst be cornittod knot':ingly. The ;bvy "'.rticle is notspocific on this point.

N".'\! .\rt. 9, T'nirty-third, proposed N".vy bill r..:U<cs it ·~n

offcnsu to r.:oc,;;ive un1.:n;fully ·'1n.)r n:.::ss~gc "I' letter fron theancay. This "ffl..:nsc could possibly be bMught \':ithin thec1'luse "or h~lds correspondence with .•.... th<J cncnytr in j,. 'I. 81:'lnd ch'\rged under th'lt o.rticle. If it l'orl,), ~ de-..th sentl,.;nce couldbe given, vmcrcns ~~cr the Nnvy ~ticle '\ de~th sentence is notpcrnissiblc for the offense. Such· in '":ff.:..nse r.ight, however,be ch~rged under ~. ~. 96 inst~~, in lmich c~sc :'l de~th sentencecould not be iop)scd•

New :,rt. 9, Thirt;·-third, ,1.lso f.'l.~kas it o..P1 offense fer oneto f1.il to inforn his superior or conr....U1cing officer n:", onceif he kn')\VS of th.; unlav"!u1 l'.'ception of 1. r.1.l:ss,"'l.ge or l.ttcrfron an cneny. Such:m orfens.; is n"t covered in :" r·. 81, butcould be ch".rgcd under ,I. il. 96.

6. A. n. 81 makes it an offense to deal etc. 'I·.'ith an enemy.The two Navy articles specify rrenemy or rebel. If These tennsare not defined in either Manual.

•

•

7.

F;;L - 3

A.H. 81

P. 4

A. \'1. 81 applies to "whosoever relieves etc. n Under it,a person living in occupied·territor~·"mo, without dissi.!:lUb.tio:l,merel;' reports 1,'hat he sees, or hears throt;.gh agents, to theenemy, may be charged ,lith co~unicating or giving intelligenceto the enemy. (;:CI:, Par. 142). Such an offense would not bechargeable at all under Art. 4, Fourth, of the pl~scnt A.G.N.,since that article applies only to persons in the naval service.Article 8, Second, of the proposed Navy bill, a~plics to ~ll

persons subject to the A.G.~. Persons subject to the ~.G.N.,

as defined in Art. 5(a), Tenth, proposed Navy bill, inc~~de

"all ~rsons, other than persons in the military s~rvico of theUnited Statcs, outside the continental lirdts of the UnitedStates accOOlpanying or serving with the United Stat...!s I~avy,

the I :arine Corps, or the Coast Guard vn~n scrving as a partof the Navy, including but not li..r.ri.ted to pcrso:1s er;;ployed bythe Govcrnm~nt directly, or by contractors or subcontractorsengaged in naval projects, and ill per30ns, other than personsin the lulitary service of the United States, '...'i thin an ar~a

leased by tho United States ':hich is without the territorialjurisdiction th.... rcof and "Ihich is under the control of theS~crctary of the navy: •....... " The ofi'cnstJ above could becharged under Art. 8, Second, only as to th~su p~rsons.

IV. RcconMondations

None.

-

-e

--e

-e

•

1-. £P. 1

Uniform Code of llilita:y Justice

Subj ct: Spies. A. "I. 82.

I. ~ Provisions

1. Articles?f l~r

II Ai?T. 82. S!"i..::s. - An:' person t'tho in ti..rrK: of .:ar shall befound lurking or acting as a spy in or :lbout :my of thefortifications, posts, quarters, or ~ncaopmcnts of any ofthw a~cs of th~ Unit~d St~tcs, or els~~ncru, sh~ll ~ triedb~r a ,;cn..;ral c':mrt-martial or by a military cO::ll-ussion, and shall,on conviction thereof, suff,Jr death. 11

2. I:,mual for Courts-lk.rtial

IlPar. 142. SIGHTY-.5'SC(J"rn ARTIer:: OF iJAR.

"B'ZIl!G A SPY

I1lJiscus~ion.-- The Hords 'any ocrson I bring d.thin thejurisdiction of courts-nartial a~d military oo,~ssions allpersons of ' ·h~t",vl.r nati_anality or stry,tus '!ho r.n~r bo :lccusl.ldof the off..::nse denowlc~d by the ~rticle.

nTh..:: principal ch:.r~ct(;ristic of this offwnse is n clan­d~stinc dissirnul~tion of th~ true object sought, ~~ich objectis :In end..::avor to obt.:.in inforU1.tion ,;'ith the intl;ntion ofcomnunicating it-to th~ hostile p~rty. ThUS, soldiers notw~nring diSGuise, dispatch riders, \1hether soldiers or civilians,and persons in aircre-ft nho c<'.rry out their missions op<.mly:lnd who h:lve pcnwtr1.tod hostile lines aro not to be consider-..::dspi..:-s, for th,) r,),"'.son thc.t, while they r,l,:'l.y h:lVe rostOTc.:C toconcQ~lment, thoy h1.vC pr1.cticed no dissicrul~tion.

"It is n"::ccss::lr~~ to prove an intent to cOfiiaunic1.to infor­~~tion to the hostile p~rty. This intent vall very r~,dily beinferred on proof of ~ dec~ptivc insinu~tion of th~ nccusQd.~ong our forces, but this inf~r..::nce r:L'~ b~ ov~rcomo by verycl~~r ~vid..::nc~ th~t the ~rson h~d coPe '~thin the lines for aco~~,r~tiv~ly innoc~nt purpos~, ~s to visit his f~~ly or th~t

he h~s nss~d 1. disguise in ord~r to rc~ch his m:n lin~s.

JIlt is not ~ss.::mticl. th"'.t th,:; t'lccus.::d obt"'tin th~ inform.:!.­tion sought or thct he cOLn~~ic~t~ it. The off~nsc is conplctepith th", lurking or c.issinuL"'ttion ~'ith intent to acc,,)l:plish theseobjects •

II IAspy, who, ".ftcr r-::jQinL'1g the :mny to "hich he b<..:longs,is subsoqu....ntl~· c1.pturcd by the cncny * :~ ... bcurs no r<..:sponsi­bility for his previous ~cts of espion~gc. I (Rulvs of L~d 'hrf~rc.)

h.W. ,82

P. 2

-tlA person living in occupied territory \'Iln, lIith dissi.;-:ul3.­tio:1, .1crcly reports -:mnt he S,J(;S or ',"h"lt he h...l'rs through1.g...nts to th..:: cn~r, n<ly bo:! charged under A. \'1. 91 d.th con.mni­c..... ting or giving intellig..mce to the enc!1Y, but he r.l.'y not bech,rGcd und::!r this :lrticl~ :.1.th being espy. . . . . . • . . II

3. Public L,\"1 759-8Oth Congress, Ch.,pt..... r 625, 2D Session

A. '.J. 82 \7'.S not ch-:ng.:ld by P. L. 759.

II. N,vy Provisions

1. Articles for the Gov.:lrnncnt of the Nnvy

":.RT. 5. Spil.:s. -- :.ll pcrsry!lS ~"ilo, in tinu of ..nr, or ~f l'C­

b",lli·'," ....ninst th..: suprccc ....uthority of th,;- Unit..::d St ....tes,c~nc or ~..;: f}und in th..:: c ....p,city ryf spi..::s, or tnO brinG ordeliver ~y suducing lctt~r or ~ss~go frJo ....n ..::ncny or r.:lb_l,or cn1~;,vor to corrupt ~y person in the N~vy to ~tr~y histrust, sh;,ll suff~r d...l~th, or such othwr punishc.cnt ....s .... cJUrtn"rti-u n ....~,. 1.d.jur.gc. II

N~v~l C~urts ~d Bl~rds

"SEC. 333.diction .",-,

C)nditi?ns nocess~ry tot~ pers0ns.- .

s;y"; juris liction: , .uurl.S-

•

ilL, ."ulctition t? the for·':!g0ing cl'lsSCS ')f :'>Cr50n5, thosen.'1.':lctl .L" the 5th (S'ios), ....•..••Articl.J(s) fw the Gov,;rno.mtof the N,,;vy "":roJ subject t·) the provisions l£ tho A.G.rT• ".nd.'1.ncm.blQ to tri:'.l by c')urt rt..'\rtial. 11

3. Pro,osed Nnvy Bill

"SEC. 3. ,'J'ticloJ h is runUI'lbcrod .:'.S I_rt. 8 ,'lnr! "lncn_lcd 1.5f0110\",8 :

'ART. 8. The .,unishrlCnt of dc~th, 0r such other p'mish­OJnt ,'15 a cOl1rt r.nrtit~l n.."1.y :>.djudgu, I:l"\Y be .L"1~lictod on "'.nyIXlr80n subj..::ct to the f~rticlcs for the Gov~rl1M..::nt "'f the N~vy--

'Sixteenth. Or, in tire ::>f vc.r, lr of rebeili m cg.:l.L"sttho suprcne .:l.uth0rity of the ~nit0d St3tcs, cones ~r is f~und

in th~ c<pacity of a spy "}r s"lbotcur, or wh) brings ">r delivers"lny seducing letter or ncss~gc fr~~ .:l.n en~oy or r..::bcl, 'rendc:lvors to cryrrupt J..."1Y pcrsc!,! subject to th.... sc .\rticl..... s tobctr'1Y his trust; 111

H. J. 82

P. 3

"5;;C. 47. :.rt. 5. (,)t the articles for th...:

The foll~.rinS pcrs~ns sh~ll be subjectGovemncnt f the Nwy:., ......•.

Irlinth. Or persons :tllc&ec. to be spies or s:".boteurs, ,rt h ....vco· brJ\l&ht "'r delivered, or to h ....vc ~tt....npted t brine: ir!cliv~r, ....ny seducing letter 0r r-~ss'be fr~n ~y eneny ~r r~b~l,

')r t, h...v...: undc.:.'lvorcd t, c,rrupt "".ll~. pers 'n subj..:;ct t"'l thQSC;.rticle s to b.:ltr :r his trust. . III

III. Differences

L H. \1. 82 l.)plic:s 0nly t'l spi.... s, "mile .t.G.!;., ;Irt. 8,~r~cr1.ph Sixteenth, ~so .:tpplics t .. s"l.boteurs -md p.;rsons',n? c"".rry seducing oess'lgcs for the ent:r~~' f)r try t~ corrupt.:my pers::m subject to the ..... G.H. H"'}w",:vl.:r, these .'1.dnitiJnnl0ffcnscs night be tried 'ls·relieving or corresp~ndins vdththo encQY. Sec C.S., A. U. 81 •

• 2. A. ',I. 82 ~?plios 'lnly "in time of ,r.:tr rr while theci')rr",:sp':mding thvy ....rticle applies "in tine of l'r.'r or re­b...:lli')n. 1I

3. The :U"rny pr"'}visi')n requires the ".ccOr~d t"'} be f,und in"r i.b"'ut :l f ....rtific.,tion, p 'st, qu~.rt(;rs, or :m cnc~pmcnt,

vmilo the N".vy provision h1.S n~ such requirement.

4. The ,\rmy carries D. ffi1.nd'lt"'lry punishr.'\.:.:nt f)f dc....th, whilethe N....vy pr')vision provices for de3th or oth~r punishm~t ~s

''''. c Jurt-m.'\rtiu mny nctjudgc.

IV. Rcco!T!flcnd:l.tions

None.

FSL - 1

--.

--•

••

•

ASi~ 83,84,a9P. 1

l"ni.forr Cod(; of Milito.ry Justice

Subject: Injurios to or Wrongful Disposal of Proper~.

A.:i. 83,84, 89

I. ~qy Provisions

1~ nrticl~s of ~ar

n T~ 83. ~ilitary Prop~rty--~illrul or Negligent Loss, Dansge orT.rongful Dis?osition.--any p~rson suoject to milit~rJ law who willfully,or throu6h neglect, suffers to be lost, spoildd, damaged, orwrongfully disposed of, any ~ilitary property belonging to theUnit~d States. shsll make good th~ loss or damage and suffer suchpu:oishr.lent as '1 cOllrt-oartial. may direct.1'I

".utT ~ 84. .....stt; or Udawful Disposi tior. of Uili tnry Prope:rty Issuedto SoldieTs.--Any soldi~r who sells or wrongfully disposes of orwillfully or throubh ~eglect injures or loses any horse, arms,ammunition, accounteroents, equipm~nt, clothing, or other propertyissued for us~ in the nilitury service, shm I be punished sa acourt-martinI m.:ly direct."

"...rl.T. 69. Good Order to be Mai ntai nt:d I.l.:'ld ,trongs Rt:drtlss",d. --Allpersons subject to military law are to b~have themselves orderly inquurters. garrison, camp. and on the march; and a~ person subject tomilit~ry law who cocrmits any waste or spoil, or willfully destroys~y property wh~tsoever (unless by order of his commanding officer),or commits any kind of depredation or riot, shall be punished os acourt-martinI m<...y direct. • ••.•.••••• It

•• 8 to Redres s of (Irongs, SOO C..5., A ;;~ .. 105.

2. Manunl for Courts-tfurtial

"Par. 143. EIGHTY-THIRD ARTICLE OF ..J~

"Suffurinl; trili tory Property to be Lost, etc.

ltDiscussion ..--The loss, etc., mo.y he said to be willfully sufferedby one, who knowing the loss, ~tc •• to b~ i~inent or actually goingon, takes no steps to prevent it, as when: (l. sentinal seeit:g::::. smallnnd readily extinguishable fire in 0. stack of hay on his post allo~s

it to burn up. A sufferi~g through n~gl~ct implies un omission totake such m~asures as w~r~ appropriate under the circ~~stawccs toprev",nt n probable loss, ducags, ~tc ••

"Tho willful or neglectful sufforence specified by the; articlbm~y consist in a deliber~te violation or positive disregard of ~me

specific injunction of lnw, regulations, or orders; or it oay beevidenct;:d bl such circ*mstu:.ces as a rt!ckless or u......,arranted person:3-1uso of th~ property; causing or ~llouin~ it to remain exposed to the

•

,-,i. 83,84,89

P. 2

TIcather, insecurely housed, or not uuardedi pernittin_ it to be con_sumed, wasted, or injured by otht,;r persons; loanin_: it to a:lirresponsible person oJ whoe it is dar.w.ged, E.tc. (,';lnthrop.)

"Proor.--(a) That cert:lin rr.ilitary property belonginb to theUnit~d Stat68 was lost, spoiled, dum~&ed. or wrongfully disposed ofin the m~~,er alleged; (b) that such loss, etc., was suffered by the~cused throu~h a certain o~ssion of duty on his part; {c) that sucho~ission was willful, or ~ebliber.t, as allcbed; llnd (d) the value ofthe prop~rty, as alleged.

"Jiolthou;h the:re rr.aj' be :-,0 dirt:ct 03vidcr.ce th~t the property was~ilitary property belonginb to the United States, still circ*mstantialevidence such ~s evidence that the prop~r~J sho~m to hav~ been lost,spoiled, d~mnLed, or wrongfully disposed of by ~he accused was of ~

~e and kind issued for use in, or fur~ished and intended for themilitary service, mi~ht w~rr~nt the court in inferrinG that it wassuch military property."

"Par. 144. EIGHTY..FOURTH Ao~TICLE OF ...\R

lin. Sellino or .rongfully Disposing of Uilit:lry Property

lIDiscussion.--The article applies to !:any property issued ror usein the mili~ary service, and the fact that th~ property sold, disposedof, lost, or iHjured was issued to someon\: othor than the o.ccused isinunaterinl. 'Clothi~gl includes all urticles of clothing l7hetherissued under a clothing a110w::mce .:Ir otherwise.

"Proof .--(a) That the accused soldier sold or otherwise disposedof certain prop<:lrtJ' in the mc.n....."l€r ulleEed; (b) tha.t such disposi tioDwas wrongful; (c) that the prop~rty was issuod for use in the militarysorvice; and (d) the vclue of ~he propurty as ulluged.

"Although then: nay be no direct evid.::ncc that th~ property wasissuud for use in th~ military s~rvice, still circunsta~tial evidencesuch us t:vidence thl:..t the property shown to have l:>~cn sold or otherwisedisposed of by the aecus~d soldier ~s of ~ type und kind issued forus~ in the military service oigbt warrant tho ~ourt in inf~rring thatit was to issued.

Itb. .iillfully or Through Neblect Injurinb or Losing, Uilitary Property

"Discussian.-_See 1440.. A willful injury or loss is one that isintentionally occasioned. A loss or injury is occa.sioned through neg­lect when it is the result of :3. w::mt of such o.ttcr,tion to the nature orprabnbl~ consequences of an nct or omission as was ~ppropr1ate underthe cirCUF,sta.ncbs.

"Proof .--(0.) That certain property W.:l,S injured in 0. certain wayor lost, ~s allc~ed; (b) t~t such property w~s iSSUed for use in theoilitary s~rvicej (c) that such injury or loss was ,illfully caused by,

P. 3

the acc~sed in a certain manner. as alleged; or thnt such injury or1085 was the result of ne~lect on the part of the uccusedi aLd (d)tI:e value of the property, as alleged.

lto••bere it is shown by eithur dir-...,ct or circ*msto.:itial c;.videncethat th~ property was issued to th~ accused, it may be presumedth~t th~ injury or loss shown unluss satisfactorily expl~in~d wasdue to tht; nt::gl(:ct of ti:t accused. n

"Par. 147. EIGSTY_1;r~TH .~RTICLi. OF .."R

"a. COl:l":littin~ Any ,d.s'te or Sp;:,i!

~Discussion.-- he terms 'waste! or Ispoil' us used in 'this articlerefer to such ucts of voluntary destruction of a permanent d~mabe tor~nl property as burning do'~ buildi~~s. t~llrinb d~Mn fences, cuttingdown shs.de or fruit trees, a::d thE. like.

"Proof.--(u) That the ~ccus~d b~in~ with a certain corrr.~~d inqu~rt~rs~ cunpl barrison. or on the rnarch~ c~itted w~ste or spoilon c~rtain property in the ~~er alleged; and (b) that such actswere U0t ~rdered by his co~~ndinb officer.

lIb. .1illfully Dt:stroying Property

"Discussion.--To oe destroyed it is not necessary that theproperty be completely demolished or annihilated. It is sufficientif it is so far injur~d as to be usel~8s for th~ purpose for whichit wus intended.

llproof.-_(o.) That the o.ccus",d ooing with 0. c..::rtain COJr.r.'l:lnd inquarters. campI gnrrison l or on thu march. d~stroyod certain propertYIas alleged; and (b) that such d~struction WQS willful ~nd was notorderod by his commaLding officer.

lIc • Cor.unitting Depredntion or Ri",t

"Discussion.--The termtuny kind of depr~dationl includesplundering. pillagingl robbing. and any ~rillful d~abe to propertynJt included in the preceding specific terms of th~ article.

"A riot is a tumultuous disturb.!1nctl of the pCf;,.ce by three or~ore persons uss~rnbled tJgether of their own auth~rity~ with thei!1tent r,utuully to (.lssist .Joe un:·thclr :J.t,;uinst ~nYJnt:! who sh~ll ~ppo5e

thern in the execution uf some ~nterprise of ~ private ~Qture, and whonften'mrds uct~~lly execute the sane in ~ viole~t and turbul~nt nnnne~

to,) the:. t~rror of tht} pecplc. whetht:r tho.: ....ct i!1tended was of itselfla.wful or w:bwful.

"Pr.)of .-_That the nccus..d bein.; "."ri th a certain cor.lIIl!lnd in qunrtt:!rs.­camp. gnrris;n~ ~r In the ~rch, c~rx.itted c~rtain ucts .Jf depredation,n cert~in prJperty. or c~rtain acts of ri;tin~~ s ~lle6ed.n

•

.P. 4

3a Pu lie Law 759--BOth Congress, Chapter 625, 20 Session

Art. 83.Art. 84 •

No chane;e.No Change.

•tART. 89. GOOD ORDER TO "'E 1~I:IT.UNED AND T7RONGS REDRESSED.--

"All persons subject to military law are to behave themselvesorderly in quarters, ~arrison. canp, and on the ~~rch; and any personsU:lject to military law "I'lho commits any waste or spoil, or wrongfullydestroys any property whatsoever or conoits any ~ind of depredation orriot, shall oe j..lunished ~s a court-Ollrtial tray direct••..•..•.•••.• !I

II. Navy Provisions

1. Articles for the uovernment of the ~avy

"ART. 8 ••••••• StiCh punishment as a court-martial may adjudge r.lay beinflicted on any person in the ~avy-- ••••••••

'Tenth (PreveLting destruction of public pro~erty).--Or does notuse his best exertions to prevent the unlawful destruction ofpublic property by others; •••••••••

'Sixteenth (Plundering on shore).--Or, when on shore, plunders,abuses, or maltreats any inhabitant, or injures his property inany way; ••.•..••. 11I.

"ART. 4••...•• The punishment of death, or such other punish~ent as acourt-martial may adjud5e, may be inflicted on any person in the navalservice-- •.••....•

'Eleventh (Unlawful destruction of pu~lic property).--Or unlawfullysets on fire, or otherwise unlawfully destroys, any public propertynot at the time in possession of any enemy, pirate, or rebel; •.•. ' II.

2. Haval Courts and Boards

"Sec. 52. Destruction of public property.--this is prOVided for in the4th A.G.N., para;raph 11.

"Unlawfully setting on"UnlaWfully destroying

fire)) puolie property

"Elements: Th~ intent to set on fir~ or d~s~roy ~ust be provcd~Tha word fun:awfully' is nec~ssary in the specification b~cause itap?t;<ars in the statute. • ••.••••. II

1tS~c. 68.for in th(,)

Preventing destruction of pUblic ?roperty~--7his is provided8th A.G.::., pt:l..ra,.;r!lph 10.

-A.ii. 83,84,8&.

P. 5

nChnr e:destruction of

Not using his ~cst

public property.exertions to prev~~t the unla~ful

"Elements: 'Best' in this charge means most likely to succeed inth~ prevention. It ~ust )~ shown That the accused knew that thedestruction was unlID.ful and that h~ fnilud to take any steps to pr~_

vent it, or that he knmvi~gly took steps which he knew or should haveblar/n wer~ not t~c most likely to s~cceed in preventing the destruction

""Sec. 71. ,..... ste or pu-lie property.--This is prJvided for in the 8thA.G.~.• para~ruph L5.

"Charoes:

"1. ,Il:l.sting(EJ..'l:o:nuni tion(?Tovisior.s(public pro?~rty

"2. H:.t.ving the po\;er to )prevGnt ~mste of )

WIl.'Uuni tieD )provisions )public property )

kno",dnglypermi ttin~ it.

"Cho.rges:

ItEllll"'lbnts: laste ll".1l.y consist in not taking proptoor c!.l.r.. of the~unition, etc., and thus allowing it to ba lost or dam~g~d; inr,ckl\.;ssly expt.mding in firin~s; giving it away. etc •••......... 11

"S(;c. 72. Plunderin,,, etc., on short;;.--This is provided for in the8th A.G.N., para~raph 16.

(plur.dering )Ill. .ihen on shore (a..busing ) nn inhnbi tanto

(maltreating)"2. linen on shore injurin->; the propf;rty of an inha,bitu"t.

t1A person or corpor~tion r~sid~nt or incor?or~ted within thestUGO or country ',/here th... uct is CODV;,it'ted is un inhabitant. Ifthe p~rson or corporation is not an inha~ito.nt the offense must belaid under une of the sp~cific cr&rges, or, if no appropriateanI;> cun 01';1 found, under scandalous conduct. In any C:..Lse, ti.c specificcll!:l.rge, if tnurc be one, is to be prl.:fCrrbd. lI

"S~c. 111. :"iilful destruction of propEort'.I.--This is provided forund~r th~ 22nd A.G.N. If the property is of thb United States, theoffel.se is ch... rgud as shown in section 52. If the property is notof the: Unitod St:..tcs but tht;o conditions of the 8th A.iJ.N., ptr.rtl£:,rc:.ph16, are satisfied; the offens~ should ue laid ther~und~r, as shownin sfjction 72.

P. 6

"Cha.rge.

l";lil.fully destroyin:; property.

"Elements:

~!his offens~ COr-Slsts of ar.y wilful physic~l injury toproperty of ~noth~r fro~ ill will or : s~~tmcnt t~.ard th~ owner orfron \l.:;u, t",nness.

Uksse,:, included offense:

"C0!10'..1ct to tht:o prujuaice of b )00 orJcr a:d discipline. n

IISee. 92. Affr:J.y or disorder, riot, rout, ur.J unlawful assc;mbly.-­This is proviued for under 'the 22:!d A.G.lj •••••.•••

"Elements; An urrra:, is the fighting of two or moTl:.. persons,by mutu:J.l consent; ~r a'therwise. in u ?~blic pluc~. to th~ t~rror ofthe pcoplu. A disoraer is any conduct of such ~ character that itdisturbs and annoys the peace and qui~t of the community. Instancesnre, loud cryin~ out or sin6ing or oth~r noisy conduct, sw~uring. orcursing, indoce~t exposure of the person, etc.

"An unlawful ~sseuhly is an assembly of thre~ or mor~ personswith intent to commit u crime by opon forco. or with intent to carryout any common purpose, lawful or unlu\Jful. in such 4 munnt.::r uS to givefirm and courageous persons reason~blc grounds to apprehond 0. breachof tho peace.

UA riot is a.n unlu'.'lful Ilssem1:oly which hus actually begun to ex­ecuto the purpos~ for which it ussembled. by ~ brench of the peace.und to the terror of th8 public; 0r u l~wful ussembly m~J ~ecome

~ riot if th~ persons assembled form and proc0ed to execute ~n unluw­ful purpose to ~h~ terror of the public, ulthou·h they had not thatpurpose tmen they ussembled.

"A rout is un unl!lwful assembly ..h ich hu.d mudt: u notior. towardsthe eXl;cution of the common purp'Jse vf thL persons ussembled ••••••• "

3.. Propost:d :::lvy Bi11

IlART. 9.. Such punishment. other t:.~n dOl.1th, ~s

~djudge ~y be inflicted upon any person su jcctf.,)r tht: Uovernme.~t of t:ht: ij..l.vy-- ••••••••

clurt ~arti~l m~y

t .... t .•e Artliclds

IT-,.ent:ibth. Or unlawfu11J' sets ...In fir ... , .lr ,tht.:r:.iSt;; ucls.wfullydestr,;ys. !l:'ly ?ublic property not <>.t tl.& tim€: in possessi:Jn of :..n~ne~y, pirate, or rebel. or docs n)t use his best Exertions to prdventthe unhmful destruction of such ?u~lic pr.:-pert) by..;Jtht:ors;

F""<.L-l

P. 7

'Twenty_firth. Or wastos any ammunition, provisions, orothtJT pUblic prope,ty, ,T having power to prevent it,knowingly per~its such w~ste;

'Twenty-sixth. Or, ~hen on sh~r~. plunders. abuses. or mal­treats nny int~bitant;

IForty_first. Or ~cbczzlcs. or willfully ~r rnli~i0uslJ injuresor ~estro.:.·s. priv-J.te pr .;perty not his o.....n ...•.•.. fI

III~ Differences

1. Ti~ prop~sed A.G.N. differenti~~es bC~7ecn public ~d priv3tepr.>pt::rty, while th"" Articl€:s 'wf .l .... r distinguish rnilit Tj." pr)pertyfron oth~r property.

~ronbrul sale, di!~usnl. stanlin~. or ~isappr0pri~ti,n of militaryproperty of th€; U.S. is alsa c,JYt:rad by A. I, 94 !md n..G.N. 9, Eighth,3;l tnat thE.rc is an :)vflr1l..P in the .1.rticles of ,aT. See C. .}.. . I. 94.

2. The ~r~pQscd A.G.N. du not specifically ~ov~r injuries t~ ouolicproperty otJlE;r thun dcHtructi0n or setting it :l1'"ire, ,7hile A:L 89COvors injury to any property.

3. The pr,)posed .·.... G.N. provides for the prcvc.ntion of th, dt.structi.onof pUblic prap(;rty, wI- ile the .t\rticlcs of "a.r provide f,)r the preven=­tion of injury tv ~lita.ry pr0perty.

4. A•. i. 83 provides f~r rep:~l"ution fur tJIC liJSS or du.mage of milita.ryprapcrty Suffl.:rt.;d to be lost r d::lM_;l.:d, \ihih ti,G .\.<.i.N. do not.

S. Proposed .LG.N. I,rUcle 9, punt .ruph l\/b:1ty-sixth, C .vers onlylIinhubi tunts

llwhile •. :i. 89 C,;,vers ccprE;dt,;,ti.:ms !lEot;in.:;t any person.

6 .••..•• 89 Spt;cificl.111y prJVides f.,r ri "ts aI'd disorders, ":.hile the.1..G.ll. punishes thc,5e offenses under tIlt;: general .J.rtichs.

lV. Rec~~enduti~ns

Tner~ is 0,) CJffimE;nt vT. th~s(; pr~visi ns in th~ Mcuuire, ~ite.B.ullur.tinu, Kcefi'c, Vll.Yldt:!rbilt, ·r :;..... vy Jli.li n.:c"'r:lr.lend=:...tions.

•

•

•

Uniform Code of Military Justice

3ubject; Waste or Unlawful Disposition of MilitaryProperty Issued to Soldiers.

•

See C.S., A. IT. 83 -- Injuries to or Urongtul Disposal of Property.

•

•

•

•A;.f. 85P. 1

UnifolT.l Code 9.f. Llilita~ Justice

Subject: Drunker:.!" ....ss - il.U. 85.

I. AnV Pro....isions

L Articles f rJar

IIt..RI'. 85 Drunk on Duty.-- lmy officer nho is found drun1~ onduty si"lo::ll, if the offense be conmittoo. in tioe of .-.'Ur, be dis­nissed from the service and suf:'cr sucJ~ eUler r,unishl:!.ent as ac,rrt-marlial ma;r direct; and i; the offense be cormtted in ti.r.:eof peace, he shall be pmishod: as a court-oc.;.:;:-tial t>:lY direct. An:jperson subject to oilit<lry lan, except an officer, \tho is fourddrunlc on duty, sha~.l be purish:o:i as a court-l1o.rti.nl roy direct. 11

2. lianu.c.l for Co,;rts-lbrtial

-.

-.

"Par. ll,5. EIGHrY-FIFTli ARTICIE CF nAIl

"BEII!G FOUND DRlJJnI all OOTY

IlDiscussion.-- Under this ~rticle it is :~cccss:ll''Y t.>hataccused 00 fo\".OO to be drunlc '7hilc actu<llly on duty, but thefc:.ct th~t. he bccanc drunk before eoing on dut~t \"milo r.l.':tcrialin c::tcrn1,·tion 4 5 ir.o::.tcrial on the question (If lJUilt. A personis not fOl.'..nd dn:nk on duty in the sense of this .J.rticlc, tif heis simple disco-.-;;!roo to be drtmk nhcn ortlcrcd, or othcrrriserequired, to GO upon the duty, u:-on lIh..i.ch, bClcause of his condi­tion, he .loes :1.ot enter at all. I (IJinthrop) But the a rt..iclodocs appl;; .:llt:l0Ugh the duty may be of a n...:rely prclil.1inary oranticipatory nature,' such as att...::,.ding an inspection by .:l soldierdosi;Jn:ltcd for cuard, or an o.1;niting by a m.JdiCc.....1 officer of apossible call for Iris s~rviccs.

liThe term Idut.'ll as used in this article noons of coursemilitary duty. But, it is importo.nt to nato, every duty ~·rhich .:mof:icer or soldier is le.:;ally rcql.'..u"cd, by superior niliUlryauthority, to ~::ecute, c.n:l for the proper c::ccution of uhich heis unB".leroblc to such o.uthorit:f, is n~cess.:lrily .:'. nilitary duty.(.finthrop. )

liThe cOllllJ,.1.nding ofi'iccr of a post, or or a COI:"_"1and, or dct...-:ch­cent in the field in thc actual exercise of co~nd, is constantlyon duty. In tho C.:l.se of oth::r officers, or of cnlistcxl men, thetem Ion dutyt r_l.:.·~cs to duti.::s of routi:1.e or dc~il, it, [;.J.rr:.sonor in the fi:1d, c.nd. do-.:s not rcl.::::.te to thos~ periods -then, no dutybcL"lg r..:..'qUi.r;:rl o~ t:1(;n. 'oy orocrs 0:;'- r ..gul;ltions, offic...:rs and ocnoccupy thC! status of leisure ~~~m to the scrdcc as loff duty. 1

(5_c Davis.)

•

-.

A.rI. 85

P. 2

"In time of war em in a region of active hositilitiesthe circunstances arc often such th2.t all members of a COt:!L1and

r.av properly be cO:lsidercd as bp.ing continuously on duty lIithinthe Leaning of this article.

nsa , also, an officer of the da;r <md. ICler;fuers of the guilrdarc on duty durine their entire tour Ylithin the !dOOning of thisarticle, but a sem~inel found drunk on post should ordinarilybe ch..""'.reol under A.W. 86.

liThe :;lffense of a person l-:ho ~bsents ili='.self from his dutyaTd is found drunk :rhile so absent, or ,"rilo is rclic700 froD dutyat a post and ordered to raDin there to Clmlit onlers, ..nd isfound drunk during such sta"bJs, is not ch<::.I"[;c:.ble under thisarticle.

IrWhcthcr the drunkenness Tras caused by liquor or drugsis ir.m.tcrial; and any intox:iciltion TIhich is suf.:acicnt sensiblyto i.rn~.'Z' the rational and full cj~rcisc of the Dental andphysical faCl.4.1tics is druI"Jccnncss ni. thin the mooning of thearticle.

II Proof .-- (a) That the accus.:rl ~'laS on a c~rtain duty, asalleged, and (b) that he VlaS found drunl~ ·;Fhi.lc on such duty.

"On an iSSue of drunkenness, admissible testiLlOny is notconfined to a d cseription of the conduct o.nd dcnronor of theaccused, and. tho testimony of a ':ritncGs trot tho :lccuscd. lOSdrunk or '.-laS sober is not inadnissible on the ground th.:::.t it isan expression of opimon.l!

3. Public Lal' 759--80th Con~ress, C~ptcr 625, 2D Session

"Affr. 85. DP.IJ!lIi OIl wry.--

llAny person subject to milit:lry lau, nho is found drunk onduty, smll be pmishc.d as a court-nortial my direct."

II. No.~ ,.,Pro=VJ."·",s"i",o"ns,,

1.

-.Articles for the GoVCrnt1cnt of the U......vy

"Article 8. Persons to .,hot! ::lpplic:!.blc.- Such pmishn...nt asa court l.crtic.l roy adjudge roy be inflicted on any person inthe Ilcvy-

•

•

A. W. 85

P. 3

'First (Scandalous conduct):-_Tl/ho is guilty of profaneswearing, falsehood, drunkcnn~ss, ganblin&J freud, theft, oran:r other scandalous conduct tending to the destruction ofgood norals; III

2. Naval Courts and Boards

USee. 55. Drunkcnncss.-- This is provided for in the 8thA.C.Il., paragraph 1.

11 Charge: Drunkenness.

"Elcncnts: Any intoxication fron alcoholic li'1uor whichis sufficient sensibly to i..r:lpair the rational and full exerciseof the rental and physical faculties to a degreo th.:lt ,':ill in­capilcitnto for the prop..;r perfornance of ::my duty \'hich a personof the rank or r,tc of the accused could ~roparly be calledupon to pcrfo~J constitutes drunkenness.

"If the drunkcn."lcSS occur on duty this cust be 'lllcgcd asun nsgrav.tion, as a brcatcr lioit of punishoont is ,rovided insuch .:I. case. ••..•..• It

3. Proposed N.:lvy Bill

llART. 9. Such punishment ot~r thnn death ~s <l court r..artialtk\y adjudge may be inflicted u~on ~y ?erson subj6ct to theArticlcs for the GovcrnMcnt of thc N .:lvY-- •.......

IFifty-third. Or, vmile under tho influence of ~lcoholic

liquors or n~rcotic drugs, op~ratcs any vehiclc;

'Fifty-fifth. Or is incapacitated for the propcrpcrfornnncc of duty by the use of, or pr<.Jvious indulgence in,alcoholic liquors or n\rcotic drugs, III

III. Differences

-.A. ~. 85 nak~s drunkenness on cuty <In offense, while A.C.N. 9,

fift~'-rifth, mQ~~s being incapccitatud for duty due to the useof intoxicants ").n offense. The Army offense applies only '"'hena person is on duty, "hile the Navy offense compr .hends beingintoxicat....:d ,;.t any tine. Hmlever, the N.:l.vy treats drunk..::nncsson duty <lS on aGGT.:lvation of the offense.

A.G.:L 9, fifty-third, provides for operating n vehicleyrhile under the influence of alcohol or drugs, while the Articlesof l~r cont~in no such specific offense.

•

•

-.

A. W. 85

P. 4

Other dru~~enness offense in the ~~ are treated underA•. /. 96.

An A~~ sentinel found drunk on post is punished underA. 1/. 86.

IV. Reconnendations

\Vhite Study, No.2, would cake "drunkenness ll an offense.

Va.'lderbilt Renart:

114. Article of War 85 should be anended so that it ",'i.ll readas folloW'S:

llArt. 85. Drunk on Out;·, Arr~l person subject to rilitary lawwho is found drunk' on duty shall be punished as a court­nartial nay dire ct. II

liThe pt1rJ:' ,se of this anendr:1ent is to eli..ni.nate a netive for theunwarranted acquittal of an officer cPArscd ydth drunl{cnness onduty. As the article'is now vr.ritten an officer convicted of drunk­enness in tina of \'far, Dust be sentenced to disr.:issal. II

House Representativos Report No. 1034, 80th Con&rcss, 1stSession. (Collr.littee on .o\rr.ed Services):

nA lesser punishr.1.cnt than dismissal from service for officersdrunk during tine of war has been provided. II

FEL - 1

•

-•

•

•

•

A.I'!. 86P. 1

Uniform Code of l:Uitary Justice

Subj~ct: ltisbchavior of Sentinel, A. ~. 86.

I. ~ Provisions

1. Articles of War

"ART. 86. !:isbchavior of Scntinol.- Any santinol who is founddrunk or sleeping upon his post, or who leaves it before he isregularly relieved, shall, if the offense be cor.unittcd in timeof Vlar J suffer death or such other punishment as a court-martialmay direct; and if the offenso"be committed in time of peace,he shall suffer any punishment, except death, thlt a court­martial may direct. 1I

2 . I!anual for Courts -J1artial

"Par. 146. EIGHTY-SIX1ll ARTICLE OF WAR

"a. BEllSG FOmlD DRUHK ON ?CST

"TIle term •sentinel I docs not include a watchman or anofficer"or a noncommissioned officer of the ~rd unless postedas such.

llA scntl.ncl is on post uithin the mca.rting of this crticlcnot only "!hen he is walking a duly designated sCntin~l's post,<l.S is ordin'U'ily the case in g.:trrison, but also, for e xnmple,vm~n he m.:ty be st~tioned in observation against the ~pproach

of the enemy, o~ on post to maintain intern~l discipline, orto guard stores, or to Guard prisonors \'Ihile in confinementor <l.t Vlork.

II A sentinel's post is not limited to a.n i.rnagin~ry line,but includes, according to orders or circucst~nces, such contiguousarea vrithin "'hich he may \'.·<l.lk ."lS r:t.'lY w nL;CCSS<l.ry for the protec­tion of propcrty connittcd to his ch1.rbe or for t h.1 dischargeof such other dut ics as may be required by general or spcci~l

orders. '!he sC:1tincl who goes any\;h... rc within such' :\TCa forthe disch:1.rGc of his duties doos not lcnvc his post, but if fOWlddrunk or sle..::ping within such "U'CIJ, he may Ix! convicted of aviol~tion of this article.

liThe fact th'tt the sentinel nas not posted in the regulnrway is not a defense.

rtProof.-(a) Th:l.t the <l.ccuscd ":1.51 posted as 0. s~~ntinel,

as alleged; nnd (b) th.:::.t he was fOWld drunk \lhilc on such post.

"b. BEIllG FOUND SLEEPmG ON PeST

llDiscussion.--See 146a. The fact thnt the '\ccused hnd been

• A. \1. 86

P. 2

previously overtaxed by excessive guard duty is not a defense,although evidence to that effect may be received in extenuationof tho offense.

UProor.--(a) That the accused was posted as a sentinel,as alleGed; and (b) that he las found sleeping while on such post.

"c. L:lAVIIIG POST BEFOlC BEING RELIEVED

"Discussion.-3cc 146a. The offense of leaving post is notconr.dttcd when a sentinel gO\..:s an inr.atcrial distance from thepoint, path, area, or object which was pr..:;scribcd as his post.

•J.

rrProor.-(a) That the accused was posted as a s ...ntim.:l,as alleged; and (b) that he left such post without being regularlyrelieved. II

Public La./ 759-BOth Congress, Ch3ptcr 625, 20 Session

IJo change •

II. Navy Provisions

1. Articles for the Covcrnmant of the Navy

llArticle 4, Persons to whom applicablo.-- The punishment of death,or such other punishment as a court-martial may adjudge, may beinflict~d on any person in the nuval sorvice-- .

'Eighth (Sleoping on watch).-- Or sleeps upon his watch;

'Ninth (Loaving station).-- Or leaves his station before beingregularly relicved; •..... til

2. Naval Courts and Boards

No discussion of clements of above offenses .

.3. Prol')()sed Navy Bill

-.IIART. 8. The punishment of death, or such oth0r punishroont asa court martial may adjudgc, may be inflicted on any person subjectto the Articles for the Govcrt'lr.1Cnt of the Navy-- ••...

'Fifth. Or sleeps upon his vmtch;

I~inth. Or, in time of battle, deserts his duty or station,or entices others to do so; ..•..•• III

•

•

•

A.~:. 86

P. 3

HART. 9. Such pWlishr.lcnt oth~r than death as a court martialmay cdjudge may be inflicted u!Jon any person subject to theArticles for the Government of the ihvy-- .......•

''l\JCnt~·-nj.nth. Or is :Dscnt without authority from hisplace of duty; •....... II

III. Diffcr~nccs

The A.C.N. docs not spccifiCi'!.lly provide for drunkennessof a sentinel; therefore drunkcn."1c.:is on watch durinr tir.c of warwould not be punishable by death, ufllcss it :LS includod inb.::traycl. of trust. AGi', Art. 8, par. 4. &:0 C.S., A.W. 85.

Tho Atny offense of sleeping on post is punishable by deathonly in time of "I,i.r, \'!hile the Navy offense is punishable bydc~th at any time.

The Army off~nsc of leaving ono's post vdthout being relievedis sir.dl<lT to the r:a.vy offense of deserting his st'ltion in ti.r.leof battle, except th'3.t the Arny offense applies in time of wer,\Thile the N<:..v:r offense ilpplios only in ti.r.ta of b<::.ttlc.

The snne act at other tir.les would be punish<lbl~ as A.',r.O.L.br tho Jlavy.

IV. Rucommcndations

'The UcGuirc Articles and the l.'hite StudYJ No.2; wwId make"sleeping on ,':atch in til')e of Warn n capital offense.

FEL - 1

AS/. 87P. 1

Uniform~~ ¥ilitary Justice

Subject: Interest in Sale of Provisions, A.W. 87.

I. Army Provisions

1. Articl as of War.

"ART. 87. Personal Interest in Sale of Provisions.-- Any ofi'icercommanding in any garrison. fort, barracks. camp, or other placewhere troops of the United states may be serving who, for hisprivate advantage, lays any duty or imposition upon or is inter­ested in the sale of any victuals or other neCEssaries of lifebrought into such garrison. fort, barracks, camp. or other placefor the use of troops, shall be dismissed froe the service andsuffer such other punishment as a court-martial may direct. II

2. Manual for Courts-Martial.

MClJ does not discuss A. W. 87.

3. Public Law 759--BOth Congress. Chapter 625-_2D 3ession.

No change.

II. ~ Provisions

1. Articles for the Governm€nt of the Navy.

lfArticle 11. Dealing in supplies.--

"No person in the naval service shull procure stores orother articles or supplies for, and dispos~ theroof to, theofficers or enlisted men on vessels of the Navy, ot at navyyards or naval stations. for his own account or benefit. It

2. Naval Courts and Boards.

No discussion of Art. 11.

3. Proposed Navy Bill.

Article 11 is renumbered as Article 12.

llJ.RT. 9. Such puni shment other then death as a co urt mnrtialm&y adjudge may be inflictcld upon any person subject to theArticles for the Government of the Navy-- •••..•.•••

'Sixtieth. Or fails to comply with or violbtes anyprovision of articles 1. 3, 12 and 13 of these Articles; ••."........

• A.TI'. 87

P. 2

III. Differences

FEL-l

A. W. 87 applies to commo.nding of'ficers, while ..... G.U. 12applies to any person in the Navy.

A. W. 87 applies to victu~15 or other necessaries of life,while A.G.N. 12 applies to all articles.

A. W. 81 applies to laying any duty upon or b£ing inter­ested in the sale of such articles, while A.G.N. forbids theprocuring nnd disposing of such articles for one's own accountor benefit.

IV. Recommendations

The McGuire and :.nite proposed A.G.N. do not mentionthis offense.

The Vanderbilt Report recommends repeal of ~. W. 87 asobsolete •

•

•

l,.~·J. 88P. 1

Hntforn~ of r:ilit.:u-y Justice

Subject: Unla'~ully Influencing Actions of Court.,~. H. 88.

I. ~ Provisions

1. :.rticlcs of ':.:Jr

PNs<.:nt ;,.~f. es, rcl'\tL'1g to intJ.mid~tion of personsbringing provisio:lS, has bCt:n repealed.

2. i:,-mu.1.1 for Courts-l'· rti.:!.l

IlP:!.r. 87. COU.HT~-l!..·.RTL..I.-:.CTI::m--Rcvi<.:wing :.uthority.-

lib. PO\~rs 1.nd duti,;)s-g~ncr1.1 -- .....•.... l!.::ithcr i'-11

.:lcqUitt'll or 1. fi"lding r:f Inot guilt: r rcquir.::s cpproval orconfirmction; .:Lnd neither shou1d'b~ d_s~pprov~d•..•...• The~vicwing ~uthority rrk1.y, hm1_v~rJ pro~rly advist: the ncmbcrsof thw court by letter of his "nonconcurrence in 0n acquittalor in 0. finding of not guilty, :md the rc:',.sons for such oon­c:)ncurI'\.:ncc •••••.••• n

J. Public r.. ...w 759-BOth Congress, Ch:':ptcr 625, 2d Session

"S",C. 233. .l.rticle aa is ."'.mended to N'1d ,~s follows:

".\RT. 88. UNLA'"FULLY INFLUENCING .\CTION OF COURT.-- No'1uthority appointing a gcner~l, sP0cill, or sumnary court-martialnor ['ny other cOllill......nding officer, sh.-ul c....:nsurc, rcpri.r.l:lnd, or.:l.dmonish such court, or <lny r.lr..:mbcr theNof, \1ith rcspect to thefindings or ~r:ntvnc....: a.djudged by tho court, or "lith rcspoct ton.ny other exorciso, by such court or a,ny member thereof, of itsor his judici~l responsibility. No person subject to militery1~\'1 sh ....ll nttc.:mpt to coerce or unl'wtfully influence the 'lctionof .... court-marti'll or ~ny nilit .... ry court or corrmission, or anyrnc:f:lbcr th...:roof, in rc:'\ching too findings or sentence in .::mycnse, or the action of an appointing or rcvicir.ing or confirningnuthority i'.ri.th respect to his judici::l.l .:lcts. II

II. Navy Provisions

1. :.rticles for the GoverTUllCnt of the Navy

There is no article in the pr;.;scnt A.G.t:. rn..'l~'ing it as~ciric off0nse to coerce or influence the ncrnber of ~ C?urtQ..1.rti!ll. The· 0ffense is ;>robnbly punishable under r\rt. 22(c.),the g..,;ncral ~rticle covering offenses not specifiod.

:•. 1.'l. 88

P. 2

2. N:lV.:l.l Courts -'Uld Bov..rds

IISec. 472~. Action of reviewing nuthority on =,cquittn.l.-

IISec. 473. P')\Y(.:r of rcvi~wing '1.uth"Jrity: Returning recorc..--

"Sec. 11. ;.rticlc 14 is rl,)nwWl.ll"cd '\s Article 9 ~d-..nQnd~d torc;rl 0.5 folioHS:

"The convening o.uthf"lrity in his rer.'\,1.rks returning n recordfor rovtsion Sh0Uld not, in effect, thrca.ton disciplin ....ry'lctionc.g::!.inst the ncnbers :>f the C0urt. 1t

is ronunbored ~s hrticlc 39 and cncndcdArticlo 53follows:

ll:~RT. 39.

IISec. 39.t'1 re~d :!.s

It(j) Tho Sccret1.ry :)f the rJa.vy is nuthJrized 'lnd directedt~ issue such regul<'.tions :'.s :.':ly be necess."\ry to .:'.5SurC thc.tthe r:1Cnbcrs of every court o1.rti1.1 sh-Ql be frec to pcrfnmtheir s;r~rn dutiC3 \."ith')ut '\ny coorci'1n or influence, directlyor indir..:ctly, nn the pa.rt -f c..ny person in the n::l.v.'ll stlrvicc .'1

n:.RT. 9. Such punish.r:cnt other th:m d.::"'.th ::l.S i1. c0urt r:1:lrti<l1.may "'-djudgc cny be inflict.::ld upon cny pcrson subjoct to the:.rticlos for th~ Governncnt -)f the Navy-....•...••

lilt is not :'.n the ~?w(;r of too convening .:luth~rity toconpcl a court t, r~vcr3~ its decision upJn a. c~ti~n ~r plea.,when the court I s rulin!" h~s ten'1in~tcd the tri:li, or ~o ch'lngcits findings or sentence, ~hcn; up')n being rcct')nvuncd by hin,it ~s declined t:> nodify then, nor eith-:;r directly or indiNctlyto cnl~rge the n.~.:lsure of punishment imp?sed by ~ court ~"'.rtial,

n')r to coerce ."1. C~!.lrt to 'ldopt his vi~w upnn any question arisingin tho course of its proc,-,edings. \':hcn the proceudings, find­ings, or sentence of a court .... rc illcga.l, th~ conv~nir.g "'.uthorityshould set then ,~ide.

IINo ....ction sh:l.1.1 be t·'lken by tl. rcvi(:\,ring .1.uthority whichpurports to a.ppr V.3 or dis::-.pprove '"'.n l.cquitt.:ll or finding ofnot guilty or not proved If u revi~\dng a.uthority docsnot concur in the findi.:lg of th..J c')urt, he n:":f so st~.te .inhis ..~ction upon too record, giving sucn t"(;"'.s:ms e.s he T:'.'J.y cleenuppropri~te for the info~ti?n of the r.~r.hers of thu c?urt.:md other reviewing "'!.uth')rity II

3. Proposed Nnvy Bill

'.A.I'I. 88

P. 3

IV. Recormendations

1. Vanderbilt Report (Pago 6 ff). RZCOi:J:JIDATIONS:

2. The proposed Navy bill ~kes a specific offens~ of influencing,intimidating, or impeding a v~tncss in any disciplinary proceeding(S~c. 11, n~1 Art. 9, 45th). Articles of ,ar do not have a similarspecific offense.

orders, rogul:\tions, or

Or is guilty of any violation vmich is anArticles for the Government of the Nav~r under

The following shall be off~nscs against theGovcI"!'k"'1Cnt of the !Javy:

III. Differences

Violations of the 1a"s,naval service II

"Sixty-third.offense against theArticle 5 (d)."

."Fourth.

customs of the

"AI'T. 5(d)Articles for the

"Sce. 47 .

1IForty-fifth. Or corruptly; or by threat or force, orby &ly·threatening communication, endeavors to influence, inti­midate, or impede'any witness in anJr disciplinary proceeding inthe naval service, or injures an~,- witness in his person or propertyon account of the witness attending or having attended suchdisciplinary proceeding, or on aCcolU1t of the \:itncss tcstif:ringor having testified to an:r matter toorcin;

a) llThe r:anual for Courts-Martial, United States Anny,should provide that it is improper and unla\'fful for any personto atte:mpt to influence the action of an appointin& or revicvf.Ulgauthority or the action of any court-martial, gcn~ral, special,or sunr..ary, in roaching its v.::rdict or pronouncing sentence,except persons conn~cted with the vrork of the court, such ~s

members of the court, attorneys, and \Iitncss~s; and this prohibitionshould bc made {;xpr<;ssly applicable to t he- appointing or rcvic:,vring

1. Amy prOV1S1.0nS write into the Articles of War a specificprohibition against the censuring of a court martial by the con­venine authority, or its coercion by any person. . A violation ofth~sc prohibitions \rill be punishable: under A. W. 96. The Navywill prohibit the same kind of conduct by means of regulationspromulgated by SecNav, the violation of \'fhich \',ill be punishableunder now Art. 9, Sixty-third.

-. A. I. 88

P. 4

authority. It should be stated that any violation Vlill beconsid~r~d conduct of a nature to prejudice nilit3ry disciplinea~d to bring discrodit upon the military s~rvicc in viol~tion

of Article of Har 96.

b) liThe :'anual shoulci.. also contain an express ,rohibiticnagainst th..: r .... prin:and of the C':lurt or its members in any ronn.The reprimand sO!To.Jtimcs giv.,;on a jury by a judge in a civil courtfor an orronuous verdict furnishes no ~arallol or ~xcusc forthe prescnt Anny practicd: The jury U~O~ its discharge returnsto the body of the people, but the members of a court-martialremain in the service subject to the tall of superior officersas to promotions, assigpmcnts to duty, and t~ansfcrs. Thestatement on paec 74 of th;:, ~:ar.u:?l that the J\.;ViOl:ing authoritymy prop0rly advis~ roor:fuClrs of a court by l.:.:tt6r of his non­concurrence in :m aC~'J.ittal should be ..:xpunged. It is a relicof the power forr...::rly poss...:ssod by the r..::viewin~ .'lllthority tor.;;:turn a r..::cord of 't.,...i2.1 to th\,._ court for ri..:consideration offindin.'gs of not ..... ilt.v. This power was taken a\'.71y in the~ndc~nt of the Articles of ~er ~nd regulations aft..::r theFirst Torld l~ 'lr.d the s,irit of the rC:jJCal should tx: r.:lspcctcd ..

c) "The;. :'anual should contain a stat~r.'ICnt th:' t it isthe duty of courts-~rtial to exercise their OVln jud~nt inimposing sentences and th....·:t they should not pronounce senbnccs\·nich the:,. know to b0 0xc..:.:ssive, I' ,lying on the rcvi\..C\1ingauthority to ruduco thc;m It

2. Ballo.ntino Report ll.a (Page 23): Comment on thQ desirability ofprov1ding gre~ter independence to tho judicial function:

llThorc is a oubstanti.:Q risk thnt members of courts,judge advocates ~nd dcfense counsel ~~y not be altoGeth~r frcefrom pr~ssurc and restr~int by superior authority ~x~rciscd

not in viol~tion but ~s a pert of the.: system. ConveningJ.uthoritie s, for ex:'.mple, not only convene the courts from mongth~sc under their c0nmnnd but nlso order ncn to trial, and,since it is not th~ir practice to order a man to tri~l unlessrC3So~~ly convinced of his guilt, J.c~uittnl ~~y ~ consid~rcd

t:mtn..~ount to an expression of dis':CNc;fficnt vith .:::. s'-lpcriorofficer. The opinions of convl'ning -:uthoritics respecting:l.dequ-1.c;t of scntc:nccs, not infNquc~tly kno\'m to th... courtsconv~n~d by th~, ~.Y result ~ th~ L~position of unduly suvcr...:s ..mtcnc~s II

tr (iv) Th~ canv<.;ning authority's power of revioH carries\'tith it n l:\rge measure of ir.diruct control over the court andits actions. If the convening authority docs not ~gr~~ with

• P. 5

the finding.. of the court, or believes that the sentence isinadequate, even though he cay be powerless to change theresult in the :;'3.rticular case, he can express his opinion inhis action or in a letter to the court. This cannot but haveits effect on subsequent cases. The m.ere kno,"ledge that itcan take !Jlace is apt to influence a court, i'rithout any ex­pression of disaoproval or non-concurrence ever being madeby the convening authority. n

liNer \'1ill palliatives solve the oroblem. Tho proposalhas sometimes been made that the reviewing authority be prohibitedfrom criticizing a court for its action ~.n a particular case.Obviously this deals vnth only a surface manifestation, and failsto get at the heart of the difficult;r. t!

The Keeffe Board rccoJ"".JllCnds that the convening authorityshould not have any pov:cr to revie\'! the findings and sentence ofthe court at all; his mntrol of the case should cease. uponreferences of the charges to trial. The Board feels that anycinar refores short of this ,,:ill not r<.:ally solve the problemof cor.r.tand domination of the court.

L, McGuire Report, Page 5:

llThis has been found to be thc'I'1Qst serious criticism againstthe administration of naval justice, because the thought has beencxpress~d with considerable acerbity, that the verdict or £L~ding

in a large numool of cas~s strangely comports to wnat is feltis the desire of the convening authority. Th~re is more than amodiC'um of truth here. A fair system of justice can only be hadvrherc the judges and other officers of the court arc outsidethe reach and influence of either party.

lilt has 'been sought to obviate this V1Cl0US def.::ct, in theneYI Articles, by making tho function of the Judge Advocate conformto lnat tho t".orn itSi",;lf connotes. H-:: ~"lould act in f3ct as il Judgo ­thus making certain t~ protection of thos,-, fundan...ntal conceptsof justic~ rcfcrr~d to a~d .dth the added c~rtitudc that as aconscqu..:.:ncc thcy d.ll b ..... giwn sOrTPthing Dore than a nod.

"But nero than tmt - and m0st i.r1t"ortant, hI,;: l"IOuld und..::r thcproposal Nfcrr..:d to supra bc.., from the standpoint of function,under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of thw Judge AdvocateG...:n __ral .:. thus lll2.'dng him as l.nd..:p~nd".ont as is concciv.:lblypossible, and outside the control ilnd the influ-:...nc,-, of theconvcning authority.........• l1

FEL - 3

ASl. 89.

Uniform~ of Military Justice

Subject: Good Order to be Maintained and ~rongs

Redressed.

See C.S., A. ~. 83 __ Injuries to or ~rongtul Disposal ofProperty.

l~.,j. 90P. 1

rnifor~ ~ of Military Justice

SUbject: Provoking Speeches or Gestures, A. ~. 90.

1. Army Provisions

1. Articles of ~ar.

"hRT. 90. Provoking Speeches or Gestures.-- No person subjectto military law shall use any reproachful or provoking speechesor gestures to another; and any ?erson subject to military law~ho offecds ag~in8t the provisio~s of this article shall bepur.ished as a court-nartial rr.JJ.y direct. II

2. Public Law 759--BOth Congress. Chapter 625--2D Seesion.

A. ~. 90 was not changed by P. L. 759.

II. ~avy Provisions

1. Articles for the GoverI1l'!le~_t of the Kavy.

'~RT. 8.........• Such p~~ishment as a court martial may adjudgemay be inflicted on any person in the ~avy--•.••••.•.•

"Third (Quarreling).-- Or quarrels with, strikes, orassaults, or uses provoking or reproachful words, gestures, ormenaces toward, any person in the Navy;

"Fourth (Fomenting quarrels) .-- Or endeavors to fomentquarrels between other persons in the Navy; ..•.•.•... "

2. Naval Courts and Boards.

"SEC. 61. Qunrreling.-_ .

1I,\ quarrel not resulting in an assault would veryrarely be a court-martial offense. . ••.••...• II

"SEC. 62. Reproachful words.-- •.••...•••

"Elernents: The words of the charge must be taken intheir usual acceptation. To oonstitute the offense it isess~ntial that the person toward whom the words. gestures.or menaces were directed was actually present at the time.

"3. Proposed t!avy Bill.

"SE.C. 11. Article 14 is renumberEod as Art. 9 and amended toread as follows:

"~RT. 9. Such punishment other than death as a courtoartial may adjudge cay be inflicted upon nny person subjectto the Articles ror the Governr.t::nt of the !.avy-- •.••.....•

A. 'i. 90.

P. 2

lIThirteenth. Or uses provoking or reproachful words orbest~:res toward any person in the navel sflrvice, or strikes,t;U'flatens to strike, or assaults any person;

IIFourteenth. Or endeavors to foment quarre15 bet",ecnothcr persons in the naval s6-rviee; .••••••••• !1

III. Diff€r~nces

1. None. The Navy article contains offenses other thanthat specified in A. W. 90, but these are cov~r~d in otherArticles of lar. SeE C.S., A. '"/. 93, Vft.rious Crimes, andC.S., A. ~. 96, Gener~l Article. Ste also C.S., A. ~. 68,Quarrels; Frays; Disord~rs.

IV. Recammcr.dntior.s

r~on€

FF.L-3